0. Foreword
This file will describe how to use the blockcipher implementations provided by
- this library. It will not only show how to call the cryptographic functions but
- also discuss a little how to build security mechanisms from that.
+ this library. It will not only show how to call the cryptographic functions
+ but also discuss a little how to build security mechanisms from that.
So you will also be introduced to the basic "modes of operation".
1. What a blockcipher does
- A blockcipher is a algorithm which turn an input of fixed length into an output
- of the same length (enciphering or encrypting). The transformation is specified
- by a key which has to be of a fixed length, or a length of a given set or
- range.
+ A blockcipher is a algorithm which turn an input of fixed length into an
+ output of the same length (enciphering or encrypting). The transformation is
+ specified by a key which has to be of a fixed length, or a length of a given
+ set or range.
Generally there is also an algorithm which turns the output back to the
previous input (deciphering or decrypting) when supplied with te same key.
* decryption algorithm
* mostly a set of subkeys
* mostly a keyschedule which generates the subkeys from the supplied key.
- As we can see here a blockcipher normally has an algortihm besides the
+ As we can see here a blockcipher normally has an algorithm besides the
encryption and decryption algorithm, which we call keyschedule.
Mostly the encryption and decryption algorithm consist of multiple rounds,
where each round (and sometimes between rounds) subkeys are needed to modify
*_enc function, which implements the encryption algorithm
*_dec function, which implements the decryption algorithm
*_free function, which frees memory allocated for the keyschedule
- *_ctx_t context type, which can contain a keyschdule and other information
+ *_ctx_t context type, which can contain a keyschedule and other information
3.1 look at the prototypes
Generally the prototypes (defined in the *.h files) will tell you what
parameter means what.
3.1.2 sizes in bits and bytes
- Working with cryptographical functions involves working with different lengths.
- Some times you want to know it in bits and sometimes in bytes. To reduce
- frustration and to avoid bugs we suffix a length parameter with either _b or _B
- depending on the meaning. _b means in bits and _B means in bytes
+ Working with cryptographical functions involves working with different
+ lengths. Some times you want to know it in bits and sometimes in bytes. To
+ reduce frustration and to avoid bugs we suffix a length parameter with either
+ _b or _B depending on the meaning. _b means in bits and _B means in bytes
(big b big word).
3.2. *_init function
For ciphers where the keysize is not fixed the second parameter gives the
keysize (in bits regularly) and the last parameter points to the context
variable to fill.
- For some ciphers there are additonal parameters like the number of rounds,
+ For some ciphers there are additional parameters like the number of rounds,
these parameters generally occur before the context pointer.
3.3. *_enc and *_dec functions
The encryption and decryption function of a specific algorithm normally do not
differ in their parameters. Generally these functions take a pointer to the
block to operate on. Some ciphers allow to specify two blocks, where the first
- one will be written to and the scound will contain the source block. The two
+ one will be written to and the second will contain the source block. The two
blocks may overlap or be the same. The last parameter specifies either the key
direct (with a pointer to it) or is a pointer to a context created with the
*_init function.
4. modes of operation
The usage of cryptographic algorithms is usually motivated by the intend to
- fight potential threads. Blockciphers are generally good building blocks. There
- are different attacks to the cipher itself, but this is work to be done by
- cryptographers, but what stays up to you is using this building blocks in a
- secure maner.
+ fight potential threads. Blockciphers are generally good building blocks.
+ There are different attacks to the cipher itself, but this is work to be done
+ by cryptographers, but what stays up to you is using this building blocks in a
+ secure manner.
You may read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_operation to
learn more.
4.1. ECB (electronic codebook mode)
Electronic codebook mode is the simplest mode of operation and its usages is
generally not suggested. In ECB-mode a message which is to encrypt is simply
- split up in blocks and each block gets indipendently encrypted. The problem
+ split up in blocks and each block gets independently encrypted. The problem
with this mode is that, for example same data produces the same ciphertext,
- which may also allows an attacke to inject selected data.
+ which may also allows an attack to inject selected data.
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
| P1 | | P2 | | P3 | | C1 | | C2 | | C3 |
+----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+ +----+
4.2. CBC (chipher-block-chaining mode)
- CBC-mode is a more advanced mode of opration. It solves most problems of
- ECB-mode. It again works by spliting up the message into blocks and intoducing
- a initialisation vector (IV) at the beginning. The IV should be randomly
- generated and is not required to be kept secret. The plaintext of each block
- is XORed with the ciphertext of the previous block (the first block is XORed
- with the IV) and then gets encrypted producing the ciphertext block.
+ CBC-mode is a more advanced mode of operation. It solves most problems of
+ ECB-mode. It again works by split ing up the message into blocks and
+ introducing a initialization vector (IV) at the beginning. The IV should be
+ randomly generated and is not required to be kept secret. The plaintext of
+ each block is XORed with the ciphertext of the previous block (the first block
+ is XORed with the IV) and then gets encrypted producing the ciphertext block.
For decryption of a block simply decrypt the block an XOR it with the previous
ciphertext block (or the IV in the case of the first block).
- CBC-mode has some properties which make it quite useles for some application.
+ CBC-mode has some properties which make it quite useless for some application.
For example if you want to store a large amount of data, and you want to make
- a change in one block you would have to decrypt and reencrypt all follwing
+ a change in one block you would have to decrypt and re-encrypt all following
blocks. If you have such a case read more about block cipher modes.
The wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_modes_of_
operation#Other_modes_and_other_cryptographic_primitives would make a good
4.3.1. CTR (counter mode)
This is quite simple. You use a counter which gets encrypted to produce a
- key stream. This key stream may be used to encrypt data by XORing the plaintext
- with the key stream. Decrypting is exactly the same then encrypting BE WARNED,
- an attacker might flip a bit in the ciphertext and the corresponding bit in
- the plaintext gets fliped.
+ key stream. This key stream may be used to encrypt data by XOR-ing the
+ plaintext with the key stream. Decrypting is exactly the same then encrypting
+ BE WARNED, an attacker might flip a bit in the ciphertext and the
+ corresponding bit in the plaintext gets flipped.
+---------+ o--o +---------+ o--o +---------+ o--o +---------+
| counter |-|+1|->| counter |-|+1|->| counter |-|+1|->| counter |
4.3.2 OFB (output-feedback mode)
OFB-mode is much like CTR-mode. In fact the only difference is that you do not
- increment a counter, but use the output of the encrytption operation before as
+ increment a counter, but use the output of the encryption operation before as
input.
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
4.3.2 CFB (cipher-feedback mode)
CFB-mode looks much like OFB-mode, but it has a lot of different properties.
- Instead of using the previous output block as input the resultig ciphertext is
- used as input. Due to the fact that not the entire outputblock needs to be
+ Instead of using the previous output block as input the resulting ciphertext
+ is used as input. Due to the fact that not the entire output-block needs to be
used, the ciphertext does not form the entire input block for the next
operation but it is shifted in the input block.
- The resulting cipher is something known as self synchonising stream cipher.
+ The resulting cipher is something known as self synchronizing stream cipher.
This means that a manipulation of a single bit in the ciphertext will result
in this bit flipped in the corresponding plaintext but the following blocks
will be "destroyed" until the cipher "heald" itself, meaning the manipulated
--- /dev/null
+===================================
+= Usage of hash functions =
+===================================
+
+Author: Daniel Otte
+email: daniel.otte@rub.de
+
+
+0. Foreword
+ This file will describe how to use the hash function implementations provided
+ by this library.
+
+1. What a hash function does
+ A hash function is an algorithm to map an arbitrary long message (in the form
+ of a bit string) to a fixed length message digest or hash value.
+ The hash function aims to be collision free, which means that it is not
+ practicable to find two messages with the same hash value (although this
+ collision must exist). Also it should not be practicable to construct a
+ message which maps to a given hash value.
+
+
+1.1. high frequent parameters:
+ block size: 512 bits
+ hash value size: 128 bits, 160 bits, 224 bits, 256 bits, 384 bits, 512 bits
+
+2. Parts of a hash function
+ * initialization function
+ * compression algorithm
+ * finalization function
+
+3. block cipher API
+ The API is not always consistent due to the fact that we tried to optimize the
+ code for size (flash, heap and stack) and speed (runtime of the different
+ components).
+ Generally the API of the implemented block ciphers consists of:
+
+ *_init function, which implements the keyschedule
+ *_nextBlock function, which implements the compression algorithm
+ *_lastBlock function, which implements the the padding algorithm
+ *_ctx2hash function, which turns a context into an actual hash value
+ *_ctx_t context type, which can contains the state of a hashing process
+
+3.1 look at the prototypes
+ Generally the prototypes (defined in the *.h files) will tell you what
+ parameter means what.
+
+3.1.2 sizes in bits and bytes
+ Working with cryptographical functions involves working with different
+ lengths. Some times you want to know it in bits and sometimes in bytes. To
+ reduce frustration and to avoid bugs we suffix a length parameter with either
+ _b or _B depending on the meaning. _b means in bits and _B means in bytes
+ (big b big word).
+
+3.2. *_init function
+ The *_init function generally takes a pointer to the context as parameter.
+ This function initializes the context with algorithm specific values.
+
+3.3. *_nexBlock function
+ The *nextBlock function is the core of each hash function. It updates the hash
+ state with a given message block. So this function uses a context pointer and
+ a message pointer as parameters. The size of a message block is fixed for each
+ hash function (mostly 512 bit). For the last block of a messages which may be
+ smaller than the blocksize you have to use the *_lastBlock function described
+ below.
+
+3.4 *_lastBlock function
+ The *_lastBlock function finalizes the context with the last bits of a
+ message. Since the last block is not required to have the blocksize you have
+ to specify the length of the last block (normally in bits). This function
+ performs the padding and final processing.
+
+3.5. *_ctx2hash function
+ The *_ctx2hash function turns a given hash context into an actual hash value.
+ If multiple sized hash value may be created from a context it is necessary to
+ give the the size of the hash value as parameter.
+
0. Foreword
- This file will describe how to use the streramcipher implementations provided
+ This file will describe how to use the streamcipher implementations provided
by this library. It will not only show how to call the cryptographic functions
but also discuss a little how to build security mechanisms from that.
1. What a streamcipher does
- A streamcipher normaly generates a deterministic, random looking stream of
+ A streamcipher normally generates a deterministic, random looking stream of
bits, known as keystream. For encryption purpose this keystream is XORed with
the data stream. So decryption is exactly the same as encryption. The
- datastream is XORed with the keystream giving the plaintext. So both sides need
- exactly the same streamcipher in the same state.
+ data-stream is XORed with the keystream giving the plaintext. So both sides
+ need exactly the same streamcipher in the same state.
1.1. high frequent parameters:
- outputsize: 8 bit, 1 bit
+ output-size: 8 bit, 1 bit
keysize: 64 bit, 80 bit, 128 bit
IVsize: 64 bit
2. Parts of a streamcipher
* generation algorithm
- * initialisation algorithm
+ * initialization algorithm
* state
As we can see all streamciphers seem to utilize an internal state which
- determines the output. This state is initialized by the initialisation
- algorithm with a key and an IV (initialisation vector). It is very important
+ determines the output. This state is initialized by the initialization
+ algorithm with a key and an IV (initialization vector). It is very important
for security that _never_ the same key with the same IV is used again. The
IV is not required to be kept secret.
components).
Generally the API of the implemented streamciphers consists of:
- *_init function, which implements the initialisation
+ *_init function, which implements the initialization
*_gen function, which implements the streamcipher algorithm and generates a
keystream output
*_ctx_t context type, which contains internal state information
3.1.2 sizes in bits and bytes
Working with cryptographical functions involves working with different lengths.
Some times you want to know it in bits and sometimes in bytes. To reduce
- frustration and to avoid bugs we suffix a length parameter with either _b or _B
- depending on the meaning. _b means in bits and _B means in bytes
+ frustration and to avoid bugs we suffix a length parameter with either _b or
+ _B depending on the meaning. _b means in bits and _B means in bytes
(big b big word).
3.2. *_init function
parameter and returns a fixed length part of the keystream as return value.
-
\ No newline at end of file
+
projects / avr-crypto-lib.git / commitdiff